Secgreto Electronics and Flat Screen

Lcd Pager

Outdoor Display Screens – Versatile and Flexible Communications

Communication technologies have continually advanced over the last few decades. From pagers to mobile phones, email to the PDA, there are now numerous ways of communicating with people.

However, most communications technology is inter-personal, either an address or number is required to contact somebody. For large organisations these can be effective methods of passing on information – as long as you know everybody's contact details.

Difficulties in getting the message across

However, in many institutions knowing everybody's contact details is just not possible. Hospitals, schools, colleges, religious buildings and other large public buildings are often in need of passing important and emergency information and traditionally there has never really been an effective method of doing so.

Notice boards are effective but require somebody to post the information up manually. There is also no guarantee the information will stay up, or not get buried beneath newer messages.

PA speaker systems such as Tannoy can also be used be these can only reach people who are on site at the time. Latecomers may not receive the information, neither will anybody working in a noisy environment.

Digital signage is highly effective at providing information

Outdoor Digital Signage

For providing real time information, outdoor digital signage has no competition. Using an outdoor display (or a standard device in an outdoor LCD enclosure) has so many advantages over other communication methods.

Messages can be uploaded to an outdoor display in real time and from a central location. This means that in times of emergency or when time-sensitive information has to be relayed it can be done so – instantly.

Another benefit of using outdoor displays is that the screens can be networked together so the entire site or campus can be covered by the same content management.

Many public buildings are now being equipped with outdoor digital signage, especially college campuses following emergency situations where lives could have been saved if information was provided when people arrived on campus.

LCD Enclosures

One of the downsides of outdoor digital signage is the initial investment of purchasing of the outdoor screens. However, as previously mentioned many institutions in need of outdoor displays for providing information are using standard display devices and housing them in outdoor LCD enclosures.

These provide all the weatherproof, anti-vandal and temperature controls to allow the use of LCD (and plasma) screens in outdoor locations.

About the Author

Richard N Williams is a technical author and a specialist in the digital signage industry helping to develop outdoor digital signage and protection for plasmas. Please visit us for more information about LCD Enclosures or other digital signage solutions.

Are chop sticks obsolete in modern times?

before anyone says it, i do know how to use chop sticks, it's not rocket science people. anyway, i was noticing that chop sticks require more effort to use than a fork. i know it's tradition to use but when you think about it doesn't it make more sense to use the invention that uses less energy and works just as well or better? isn't that why we use the latest computers? LCD T.V.'s or more efficient cars? and throw away our old Light Bulbs and cassettes? why haven't chop sticks gone the way of the 8-track decks or pagers? does it look stupid using a fork to eat sashimi?

Lots of cultures don't use modern impliments to eat. Indians, Mexicans.....It's not so much of a convience thing, It's just a traditional way of eating. If you prefer to use a fork to eat sashimi, go for it. Personally, I wouldn't get caught dead eating the traditional food of my latin ancestors with a fork. It's just not what I'm used to. That doesn't mean you can't. It's your call. The advances in technology have changed a lot of things, but eating is eating and as long as the food reaches your stomach by way of the mouth, I suppose it doesn't matter.

Lcd Pager
TOP 10 Best Keyless Entry Remotes to Buy

Pager $93.99 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles A pager (sometimes called a page, beeper, bleep or bleeper) is a simple personal telecommunications device for short messages. A oneway numeric pager can only receive a message consisting of a few digits, typically a phone number that the user is then expected to call. Alphanumeric pagers are available, as well as twoway pagers that have the ability to send and receive email, numeric pages, and SMS messages. Until the popular adoption of mobile phones in the 1990s, pagers filled the role of common personal and mobile communications. Today, pagers mainly support the critical messaging markets. They are the ideal solution for very quick, very reliable personal or group messaging. Unlike many other mobile communications networks, they continue to work in times of emergency or disaster as they do not suffer from network overload as has been proven many times (September 11 attacks, Hurricane Katrina). For this reason, they are still very popular with emergency service personnel, medical personnel, and information technology support staff. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Timpledon, Miriam T./ Marseken, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 152 Publication Date: 2010/06/11 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.35 inches

Chaney Instrument Chaney Instrument Thermometer With Pager 03168 $27.91 Thermometer with pager Wireless Barbeque cooking thermometer includes a wireless pager with clip, digital LCD display which shows cooking and alarm temperatures and an instant read of the internal food temperature Monitor temperatures without opening the grill or oven The 3' stainless cord has a 600 F. tolerance Thermometer also features a count up or count down 99 minute timer with alarm Brand #: Chaney Instrument 03168 UPC: 072397031684 Keywords: digital thermometer wireless cooking

Chaney 03168 Therm Digital Wireless with Pager $41.08 Chaney Instrument Company is the established leader in weather temperature and time products. Our brands ACURITE and CHANEY are widely recognized for accuracy quality and ease of use. . Main Unit and Pager. Digital LCD Display min./sec. Current Temp and Desired Temp. and Clock. Thermometer provides instant read out of internal food temp during the cooking cycle. Timer: 99 Minutes / 59 Seconds. Count up /Count Down Timer. Temperature: 14deg;F to 392deg;F (Fahrenheit/Celsius selectable). Cord and Probe Storage with locking feature. 3 Stainless steel heatresistant cord (600deg;). On/Off Button. Alarm on pager and main unit when desired temp or time is reached Clock feature when timer is not in use. Portable Pager with clip to alert when desired temperature or time has been reached. Main Unit Pager. Height: 2.75 5.5 . Width: 2.25 3.25 . Depth: 2 1.25 . Power 2 x AA (not incl) 1 AA (not incl).

Dogtra 282NCP 2DOG Training Collar With Pager for 2 Dog $442.26 Low to medium power. Rheostat dial allows for gradual increases in stimulation intensity with no jumps between levels (0127). Twodog models allow the trainer to control two different dogs from one transmitter without the hassle of handling unnecessary parts. dogtra 280NCP Platinum Series has a 1/2mile range. Stimulation type Nick Constant and nonstimulating pager/vibration. Rechargeable userreplaceable NiMH batteries Fully Waterproof collar/receiver and transmitter. Easily visible blue LCD screen displays exact level of stimulation and can be seen in the dark or low light conditions. Three bar battery life indicator and LED colored indicator to show remaining battery life.

Crimestopper Sp301 Alarm System With Rechargeable Pager $207.94 2WAY ALARM KEYLESS ENTRY SYSTEM; LCD GRAPHICS REALTIME PAGE BACK FOR CONFIRMATION OF ALARM STATUS ON LCD REMOTE; ENHANCED WHITE RED LED BACKLIGHTING; 2WAY DATA PORT FOR EASIER INSTALLATION; DYNAMIC CODE LEARNING RECEIVER; AUDIBLE VISUAL ARM/DISARM WITH INTRUSION ALERT; SILENT ARM/DISARM THROUGH REMOTE; CARJACK PROTECTION; DOME LIGHT ILLUMINATION; ELECTRONIC DUALSTAGE SINGLE ADJUSTMENT SHOCK SENSOR; 25W HIGHPOWER SINGLETONE SIREN; REMOTE KEYLESS ENTRY; 2 VEHICLE OPERATION; 12 PROGRAMMABLE OPTIONS; 2 AUX OUTPUTS; INCLUDES SIDEKICK NONPAGING REMOTE

The Hangover- Pager Friendly $19.99 The Hangover- Pager Friendly - T-Shirt

Stellar Security BMWVTXR Plug In Bmw Pager Alarm W Remote Start $1322.93 Stellars new BMWVTXR alarm PLUGS INTO YOUR 19922002 BMWs FACTORY PORT to protect you ultimate investment. Because the BMWVTXR plugs directly into your factory port and because it does not require wiring. The BMWVTXR offers complete security with the convenience of Remote Keyless Entry Remote Start Secure Code Transmissions Remote Windows Convertable Top and Vehicle Security. In order to insure your BMWs protection Stellars BMWVTX series offers a 2 way pager remote with LCD display. The display shows the status of your BMW up to 10 blocks away (depends on environment). The detailed LCD display will alert you if your BMW alarm is triggered or if a door has been open. Start Your Engines Stellars BMWVTXR offers built in remote start for added conviences. Units can automatically turn on your AC or heater on hot or cold days. With TachLess Installation there is no need to install a wire to you tachometer. An AntiGrind feature plus adjustable Crank Time eliminates wear and tear on your starter. This feature requies hardwiring and may require addtional parts. Contact your sales rep for details Stellars BMWVTXC offers many features not available on the BMW factory alarm at a fraction of the price. Stellars BMWVTXR offers remote window and convertable top closing for all BMWs w/ key operated windows. The BMWVTXC features Ignition Locking which insures you and your passengers safety and convenience by automatically locking your doors when your car is started and unlocking them when your ignition is turned off. (fully programmable) Stellars builtin Adjustable Shock Sensor offers Stellars Dual Stage Internal Shock Sensor that protects your BMW from any type of theft or tampering unlike the BMW factory glass sensor which can only detect breakage of glass. Another feature youll find on Stellars BMWVTX but not on the factory system is Stellars Ignition and Fuel Kill system that provides an extra layer of security for your BMW. All Stellar Alarms come with an easily acces

Pager (GUI) $70.1 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles A pager is a graphical user interface feature provided by some desktop environments, mostly on the Unix and Linux platforms. It takes the form of an onscreen window or a gadget in the taskbar or panel displaying the users virtual desktop and providing a way to switch among desktop areas or navigate the workspace. Most pagers depict thumbnail outlines of windows assigned to each desktop and can switch or move windows from mouse gestures. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Timpledon, Miriam T./ Marseken, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 100 Publication Date: 2010/07/19 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.24 inches

Bellman BEL132 Pager Charger $75.99 "Bellman BEL132, The Bellman Visit Pager Charger (#BEL132) is Swedish made charger used to recharge the Bellman visit vibrating pager receiver when powered by a rechargeable battery. It can recharge one Bellman alarm clock receiver or up to two visit bed shakers. Equipped with mains adaptor and an internal back-up battery to provide power supply for the bed-shaker in case of mains power failure. Visit Pager Charger (#BEL132) Features: Pager Charger, Charges Visit Vibrating Pager Receiver, Connects 1 Bellman Alarm Clock or 2 Visit Bed Shakers, Flex Length of 1.7m, Vibrator Power: 2.0 to 4.0V DC, For Indoor Use Only"

Color Hardwired Pager Camera $189.99 The pager camera is a small ordinary pager housing that has been filled with a quality color camera. Pair this hardwired model with one of our micro-recorders for a complete on-the-body system. Fully portable and easy to carry, this unit is perfect for private investigators or for uncovering insurance fraud.

Bellman BEL102 Pager Receiver $171.99 "Bellman BEL102, The Bellman Visit Pager Receiver (#BEL102) is a device to receive signals from the Bellman Visit transmitter and alerts the user with the help of different vibrating and light signals. It is compact and portable. The receiver has a low battery indicator and a life of one month. Visit Pager Receiver (#BEL102) Features: Pager Receiver, Alerts Using Vibration & Light Signals, Low Battery Indicator, 300 Feet Working Range, Works w/ Up to 4 Transmitters, Portable, Compact Design"

Unication Alpha Elite Flex Pager ADVFGSJ542 $14.49 Unication Alpha Elite Flex Pager ADVFGSJ542

Marked By Pager, Devah $20.07 Author: Pager, Devah Subtitle: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration Publication Date: 2009/04/15 Number of Pages: 248 Binding Type: Paperback Language: English Depth: 0.75 Width: 6.00 Height: 9.00

Stellar Security BMWVTX Plug In Bmw Pager Alarm W/ 2x Shock Sensor $596.73 Stellars new BMWVTX alarm PLUGS INTO YOUR 19922002 BMWs FACTORY PORT to protect you ultimate investment. Because the BMWVTX plugs directly into your factory port and because it does not require wiring. The BMWVTX offers complete security with the convenience of Remote Keyless Entry Secure Code Transmissions and Vehicle Security. In order to insure your BMWs protection Stellars BMWVTX series offers a 2 way pager remote with LCD display. The display shows the status of your BMW up to 10 blocks away (depends on environment). The detailed LCD display will alert you if your BMW alarm is triggered or if a door has been open. Stellars BMWVTX offers many features not available on the BMW factory alarm at a fraction of the price. The BMWVTX features Ignition Locking which insures you and your passengers safety and convenience by automatically locking your doors when your car is started and unlocking them when your ignition is turned off. (fully programmable) Stellars builtin Adjustable Shock Sensor offers Stellars Dual Stage Internal Shock Sensor that protects your BMW from any type of theft or tampering unlike the BMW factory glass sensor which can only detect breakage of glass. Another feature youll find on Stellars BMWVTX but not on the factory system is Stellars Ignition and Fuel Kill system that provides an extra layer of security for your BMW. All Stellar Alarms come with an easily accessible Silent Arming option. (Just press both buttons) The BMWVTX double locking system deadlocks your doors making them unable to be opened even from the inside. For added convenience the accessory button on the remote can work with all of Stellars other BMW accessories giving you the option of a remote trunk latch remote start remote convertible top and more Also in order to insure top quality all Stellar products are CAD/CAM designed and backed by a limited Lifetime Warranty. This unit fits 19922002 BMWs with a factory port. This unit will not work on E46 BMWs

Covert Pepper Spray Pager $30 The Pepper Spray pager will surprise any attacker with a double-shot of spray! This inconspicuous device delivers quick draw action instantly immobilizing an attacker up to 12 Feet away. The Pepper Pager emits 10?12 one-second bursts of crippling spray. More than enough to render multiple attackers helpless while you escape. Specifications Pepper Pager contains dual canisters of 10% Pepper Spray. Made in U.S.A. Dimensions: 3.5" x 2" x 1.25 NOTE: Pepper Spray Restrictions BY LAW, WE CANNOT ship pepper sprays to the following states:Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Wisconsinand outside of the United States. Bear sprays are legal in all states. Please note that there are certain legal restrictions that vary per state and city. Please check your local laws before purchasing a pepper spray.

B/W Hardwired Pager Camera $85.99 The pager camera is a small ordinary pager housing that has been filled with a quality B/W camera. Pair this hardwired model with one of our micro-recorders for a complete on-the-body system. Fully portable and easy to carry, this unit is perfect for private investigators or for uncovering insurance fraud.

Long Range Systems Staff Pager Charger $88.99 Long Range Systems Long Range Systems Staff Pager Charger

Crimestopper RS7G2 $109.95 Crimestopper RS7G2 RS7G2 6 BUTTON 2 WAY LCD PAGER

Crimestopper RS7G3 $160.99 Crimestopper RS7G3 RS7G3 2 WAY LCD PAGER SYSTEM

Wireless BBQ Thermometer with pager $38.99 Now you can cook like the pros with our Wireless BBQ Thermometer. With this remarkable thermometer you can get an instant readout of inner food temperature so you will always know the perfect temperature of your cooking and with the auto alarm feature, you will never have to worry about losing track of time again. This Celsius/Fahrenheit selectable has an easy to read screen, keeps a temperature range of 14 degrees to 392 degrees and even comes complete with a remote pager to let you know when your food is done. This item ships directly from the manufacturer. Product usually arrives in 4-10 business days, depending on destination, including order processing and shipping. APO/FPO shipping unavailable

Quiet Internet Pager $81.25 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles QIP is a multiprotocol instant messaging client. It is a closed source freeware program originally developed by Ilgam Zyulkorneev. In 2008 it was bought by RosBusinessConsulting media group and named most popular RBC service in 2009.Its most distinct feature (at least from the official ICQ client) is the tabbed message window instead of multiple message windows open when chatting with more people, only one window with several tabs is used. This is now no longer an advantage over the standard ICQ, as ICQ Version 6.0 now also includes this feature as standard, as do the multiservice clients Pidgin, Miranda IM, and Trillian. Advantages which do still exist include integrated mail.ru email client, and a wider range of extra smileys. However, QIP still keeps the advantage of no advertisement in the application windows (leading to lower bandwidth and CPU usage) and much higher security standard. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Timpledon, Miriam T./ Marseken, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 124 Publication Date: 2010/08/07 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.29 inches

Complete Medical Supplies 3180 Personal Electronic Pager $52.59 A small wireless personal pager that works through walls to different rooms at a range of up to 100 Gives a loud beep when the button is pressed Use indoors or outside Battery operated (Transmitter batteries included Receiver 2 AA not included) . NOTE: YOU CAN ADD ANOTHER PAGER TO This item if purchasing whole unit. Manufacture doesn t sell pagers separately.

Off the Beaten Path Hawaii By Pager, Sean/ Frasure, Carrie (CON) $19.27 A series for the individual with a unique taste in travel presents easytouse, statebystate or provincebyprovince handbooks that describe the unusual, offbeat, and littleknown places that most tourists miss, in guidebooks that come complete with maps, illustrations, and other special features. Author: Pager, Sean/ Frasure, Carrie (CON) Series Title: OFF THE BEATEN PATH HAWAII Subtitle: A Guide to Unique Places Publication Date: 2010/03/02 Number of Pages: 309 Binding Type: Paperback Language: English Depth: 0.75 Width: 6.00 Height: 9.00

CET Domain 60011003 Dog Pager Trainer Vibrations and Whistle $48.1 Tranining Control Collar. The strong static impulse can penetrate the hair of the pet and fabric within 6mm thick. It is unnecessary to let the discharging point couch the skin of the pet. Therefore it is safe for the pet. The static impulse can quickly and effectively curb the improper deeds of the pet The warning vibration will let the pet associate the vibration with static impulse. In the endamp;amp;#44; vibration will achieve the same effect as the static impulse. Both the static impulse and warning function s are set with automatic stop. This is for not reprimanding the pet continuously. With the vibration induction power switch in the collar receiveramp;amp;#44; it will turn on and turn off automatically to save power. This item takes between 721 days to ship/arrive because it ships out of Hong Kong or China.

Smart Caregiver 2007PG 4Line Capacity Text Receiver Pager $174.76 Personal Wristband Transmitter is a component of the Door Watch System TL 3005 SYS. It is a portable self contained waterproof transmitter worn on the wrist/ankle that constantly sends a wireless digital code to the door strip.

E-Waste – The growing concern of today's IT industry

 

E-Waste – The growing concern of today's IT industry

 

Abstract

"E-waste" is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their "useful life."E-wastes are considered dangerous, as certain components of some electronic products contain materials that are hazardous, depending on their condition and density. The hazardous content of these materials pose a threat to human health and environment. Discarded computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio equipment and batteries if improperly disposed can leach lead and other substances into soil and groundwater. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they are less harmful to the ecosystem. Here we highlight the hazards of e-wastes, the need for its appropriate management and options that can be implemented.

 

1.         What is e-waste?

 

Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance.E-waste includes computers, entertainment electronics, mobile phones and other items that have been discarded by their original users.

 

‘e-waste' can also be defined as electronic equipments / products connects with power plug, batteries which have become obsolete due to: advancement in technology changes in fashion, style and status nearing the end of their useful life.

 

2.         Classification of e-waste:

 

E-waste encompasses ever growing range of obsolete electronic devices such as computers, servers, main frames, monitors, TVs & display devices, telecommunication devices such as cellular phones & pagers, calculators, audio and video devices, printers, scanners, copiers and fax machines besides refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, and microwave ovens, e-waste also covers recording devices such as DVDs, CDs, floppies, tapes, printing cartridges, military electronic waste, automobile catalytic converters, electronic components such as chips, processors, mother boards, printed circuit boards, industrial electronics such as sensors, alarms, sirens, security devices, automobile electronic devices.

 

3.         Categories of e-waste:

 

Household Appliances
Washing machines, Dryers, Refrigerators, Air-conditioners, Vacuum cleaners, Coffee Machines, Toasters, Irons etc.  

Large Household Appliances
Washing machines, Dryers, Refrigerators, Air-conditioners, etc.  

Small Household Appliances
Vacuum cleaners, Coffee Machines, Irons, Toasters, etc Office, Information & Communication Equipment
PCs, Latops, Mobiles, Telephones, Fax Machines, Copiers, Printers etc.  

Office, Information & Communication Equipment

PCs, Latops, Mobiles, Telephones, Fax Machines, Copiers, Printers etc.

Entertainment & Consumer Electronics
Televisions, VCR/DVD/CD players, Hi-Fi sets, Radios, etc

Entertainment & Consumer Electronics
Televisions, VCR/DVD/CD players, Hi-Fi sets, Radios, etc 

Lighting Equipment
Fluorescent tubes, sodium lamps etc. (Except: Bulbs, Halogen Bulbs)  

Electric and Electronic Tools
Drills, Electric saws, Sewing Machines, Lawn Mowers etc. (Except: large stationary tools/machines)   Drills, Electric saws, Sewing Machines, Lawn Mowers etc. (Except: large stationary tools/machines)

Toys, Leisure, Sports and Recreational Equipment
Electric train sets, coin slot machines, treadmills etc.    

 

Medical Instruments and Equipment    

Surveillance and Control Equipment

Automatic Issuing Machines  

  4.         Material Composition

 

The following graphs and the table show the material composition of four e-waste categories in %.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Material

Large household appliances

Small household

 appliances

ICT and

 consumer electronics

Lamps

Ferrous metal

43

29

36

-

Aluminum

14

9.3

5

14

Copper

12

17

4

0.22

Lead

1.6

0.57

0.29

-

Cadmium

0.0014

0.0068

0.018

-

Mercury

0.000038

0.000018

0.00007

0.02

Gold

0.00000067

0.00000061

0.00024

-

Silver

0.0000077

0.000007

0.0012

-

Palladium

0.0000003

0.00000024

0.00006

-

Indium

0

0

0.0005

0.0005

Brominated plastics

0.29

0.75

18

3.7

Plastics

19

37

12

0

Lead glass

0

0

19

0

Glass

0.017

0.16

0.3

77

Other

10

6.9

5.7

5

Total

100

100

100

100

 

                                        5.         Weight

 

Item

Average

Weight (kg)

Desktop Computer

9.9

Laptop Computer

3.5

CRT Screen

14.1

LCD Screen

4.7

Mouse

0.05

Keyboard

1

Printer

6.5

Television (CRT)

31.6

Mobile Phone

0.1

Mobile Phone charger

0.1

Video Recorder/DVD Player

5

Hi-Fi system

10

Radio

2

Telephone

1

Washing Machine

65

Tumble Dryer

49

Dish Washer

50

Refrigerator

35

Fridge/Freezer

35

Freezer

65

Microwave

15

Electric cooker

46

Vacuum Cleaner

8

Iron

1

Kettle

1

Toaster

1

Mixer

1

Hair Dryer

1

Electric Heater

5

Electric Drill

2

Power Saw

2

Lawn Mower

15

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The above table presents a collection of the average weight of selected electric and electronic appliances. Note that the weight of a single item can vary a lot from the average weight, depending on design, age etc.

 

6.         Impacts of e-wastes

 

Electronic wastes can cause widespread environmental damage due to the use of toxic materials in the manufacture of electronic goods (Mehra, 2004). Hazardous materials such as lead, mercury and hexavalent chromium in one form or the other are present in such wastes primarily consisting of Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), Printed board assemblies, Capacitors, Mercury switches and relays, Batteries, Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), Cartridges from photocopying machines, Selenium drums (photocopier) and Electrolytes. Although it is hardly known, e-waste contains toxic substances such as Lead and Cadmium in circuit boards; lead oxide and Cadmium in monitor Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs); Mercury in switches and flat screen monitors; Cadmium in computer batteries; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in older capacitors and transformers; and brominated flame retardants on printed circuit boards, plastic casings, cables and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cable insulation that releases highly toxic dioxins and furans when burned to retrieve Copper from the wires. All electronic equipments contain printed circuit boards which are hazardous because of their content of lead (in solder), brominated flame retardants (typically 5-10 % by weight) and antimony oxide, which is also present as a flame retardant (typically 1- 2% by weight) (Devi et al, 2004).

 

Land filling of e wastes can lead to the leaching of lead into the ground water. If the CRT is crushed and burned, it emits toxic fumes into the air (Ramachandra and Saira, 2004). These products contain several rechargeable battery types, all of which contain toxic substances that can contaminate the environment when burned in incinerators or disposed of in landfills. The cadmium from one mobile phone battery is enough to pollute 600 m3 of water (Trick, 2002). The quantity of cadmium in landfill sites is significant, and considerable toxic contamination is caused by the inevitable medium and long-term effects of cadmium leaking into the surrounding soil (Envocare, 2001). Because plastics are highly flammable, the printed wiring board and housings of electronic products contain brominated flame retardants, a number of which are clearly damaging to human health and the environment.

 

1. 7.                    Elements of e-waste management system for India:

 

 

 

8.         E-waste Treatment & Disposal Methods

 

(a)   Landfilling:

 

It is one of the most widely used methods for disposal of e-waste. In landfilling, trenches are made on the flat surfaces. Soil is excavated from the trenches and waste material is buried in it, which is covered by a thick layer of soil. Modern techniques like secure landfill are provided with some facilities like, impervious liner made up of plastic or clay, leachate collection basin that collects and transfer the leachate to wastewater treatment plant. The degradation processes in landfills are very complicated and run over a wide time span.

 

The environmental risks from landfilling of e-waste cannot be neglected because the conditions in a landfill site are different from a native soil, particularly concerning the leaching behavior of metals. Mercury, cadmium and lead are the most toxic leachates. Lead has been found to leach from broken lead-containing glass, such as the cone glass of cathode ray tubes from TVs and monitors. Cadmium also leaches into soil and ground water. In addition, it is known that cadmium and mercury are emitted in diffuse form or via the landfill gas combustion plant. Landfills are also prone to uncontrolled fires, which can release toxic fumes. Therefore, landfilling does not appear to be an environmentally sound treatment method for substances, which are volatile and not biologically degradable (Cd, Hg,), persistent (Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls) or with unknown behaviour in a landfill site (brominated flame retardants).

 

(b) Incineration:

 

It is a controlled and complete combustion process, in which the waste material is burned in specially designed incinerators at a high temperature (900-1000oC). Advantage of incineration of e-waste is the reduction of waste volume and the Utilization of the energy content of combustible materials. Some plants remove iron from the slag for recycling. By incineration some environmentally hazardous organic substances are converted into less hazardous compounds. Disadvantage of incineration are the emission to air of substances escaping flue gas cleaning and the large amount of residues from gas cleaning and combustion. e-waste incineration plants contribute significantly to the annual emissions of cadmium and mercury. In addition, heavy metals not emitted into the atmosphere are transferred to slag and exhaust gas residues and can reenter the environment on disposal. Therefore, e-waste incineration will increase these emissions, if no reduction measures like removal of heavy metals are taken.

 

 

(c)Recycling of e-waste:

 

Monitors & CRT, keyboards, laptops, modems, telephone boards, hard drives, floppy drives, Compact disks, mobiles, fax machines, printers, CPUs, memory chips, connecting wires & cables can be recycled.

 

Recycling involves dismantling i.e. removal of different parts of e-waste containing dangerous substances like PCB, Hg, separation of plastic, removal of CRT, segregation of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and printed circuit boards. Recyclers use strong acids to remove precious metals such as copper, lead, gold. The value of recycling from the element could be much higher if appropriate technologies is used. The recyclers working in poorly–ventilated enclosed areas without mask and technical expertise results in exposure to dangerous and slow poisoning chemicals.

 

The existing dumping grounds in India are full and overflowing beyond capacity and it is difficult to get new dumping sites due to scarcity of land. Therefore recycling is the best possible option for the management of e-waste.

 

 

(d) Re-use:

 

It constitutes direct second hand use or use after slight modifications to the original functioning equipment. It is commonly used for electronic equipments like computers, cell phones etc. Inkjet cartridge is also used after refilling. This method also reduces the volume of e-waste generation. We can use above mentioned methods for treatment and disposal of e-waste. The better option is to avoid its generation. To achieve this, buy back of old electronic equipments shall be made mandatory. Large companies should purchase the used equipments back from the customers and ensure proper treatment and disposal of e-waste by authorized processes. This can considerably reduce the volume of e- waste generation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

9.         Conclusion

 

Electronics are quickly becoming a significant portion of the materials sent to local landfills. Computers, radios, fax machines, cellular telephones and personal digital assistants are becoming items of concern in the waste stream. Advances in technology, as well as the decreasing price of most electronics, has led to an increase in the volume of outdated items that require proper disposal.

 

The next few years will see considerable growth in the volume of electronic products being retired and an entire reverse supply chain will have to be developed around them. This will lead to challenges and opportunities for diverse disciplines and companies.

 

References/Sources:

 

[1]   E-waste: An opportunity ,Matthew J. Realff, a, Michele Raymondb and Jane C. Ammonsc- Materials Today, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2004, Pages 40-45

[2]   Introduction E-Waste, by Michelle M. Nicholls, May 1, 2007-Pollution Engg.

[5]   Electronic waste management in India–issues and strategies-Kurian Joseph, Centre for environmental studies, anna university, chennai, india

[6]   www.assocham.org/events/recent/event

[7]   www.iimm.org/knowledge_bank/9_e-waste

 

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About the Author

V V Narendra Kumar

MS(Software Systems),M.Tech(IT),[PhD]

Assoc.Professor,Informatics

Alluri Institute of Management Sciences,

Warangal,A.P.,India

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